The Legacy Of White Collar Crimes - 849 Words

The year 2000 signaled to the world the beginning of a new age. While previously the world had begun to accept technology it was not until the early millennia that it had become a mandatory part of our lives. With this blossoming of new technology came the peak of a newer type a crime in which the rich would steal from the poor and give to themselves. White collar crimes are still only a century old, and yet have become one of the most devastating types of crimes committed. They not only affect the victims that are stolen from, but also the lives of the people who would be removed from their job when the scandal is found out. This is what happened early in the millennia with the Enron corporation and the scandals that were put forth but its operators. The Enron corporation was an amalgamation of Houston Natural Gas and Internorth two of the largest natural gas suppliers in the United States. It was built upon the company s ability to convince congress to deregulate the sale of natural gas through supplying electrical pieces at market prices. This allowed Enron to begin to sell power at higher prices therefore driving their revenue up. The company also began to spread its grasp out of natural gas and into a myriad of other power sources across the globe including water, pulp and paper plants. This was all done through a massive series of loopholes and massive amounts of money being funneled into Congress to lobby against regulations of such activities.Show MoreRelated The Analytical Contrast of Corporate Deviance in Differential Association and Strain Theory2324 Words   |  10 Pageswith their goals and knowingly abuse this unique position (Albanese, 1984, p. 2-5). From this perspective Sutherland and Merton connect the barriers or lack thereof that perpetuates these ideologies in business ethics therefore being the cause of the crimes themselves. In essence, it is a vicious circle of necessity created by the conditions outlined as tolerabl e as long as they lean towards monetary success. Suggesting differential association as a learned behaviour imbedded in the corporate structureRead MoreThe Bureau Of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, And Explosives1330 Words   |  6 Pages The Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives, otherwise known as the ATF, is one of 60 criminal justice programs under the Department of Justice. Their mission is to regulate and investigate crimes related to the above mentioned items. The ATF has been around in one way or another since the beginning of our nation. It started in 1791, when the first tax on distilled spirits was implemented by the new Secretary to the Treasury, Alexander Hamilton (1). Supervisors, inspectorsRead MorePolice and National Crime Information1595 Words   |  7 Pagesformat. 1. Describe the colonial period’s three legacies to contemporary policing. Then list and discuss two powerful trends in England and America that brought about changes in policing in both countries. First, the colonists committed themselves to local policing. Second, the colonists reinforced that commitment by creating a theory of government called republicanism. Finally, the colonial period witnessed the onset of the theory of crime prevention. Two powerful trends in England and AmericaRead MoreAfrican Americans Conservative Republicans1000 Words   |  4 Pagesespecially in the south. With church and entrepreneurship being at the forefront. As Clarence Thomas recalled in a report on heritage.com, in his African American household â€Å" school, discipline, hard work, and right from wrong came first† while â€Å"crime, welfare, slothfulness, and alcohol were enemies†. This is a very common perspective in black culture as well as republicans. A lot of their views are the same for example 31% of African Americans think gay marriage is morally acceptable and 30%Read MoreJust Walk On By : Black Men And Public Space1464 Words   |  6 Pagesheterogenetic and safe community. Black people are often treated in public spaces in ugly ways even though they are not evil. People see violence and crime once black people embark upon public space. Obviously, black peoples presence is considered like the passage of a cyclone that destroys the environment. Talking about his encounter with a white girl in a public space, Staples writes, â€Å"She cast back a worried glance. To her, the youngish black man, a broad six feet two inches with a beard and billowingRead MoreArthur Ashe â€Å"’He trusted me†¦. With my father, my reputation was solid,’† said Arthur Ashe, when he900 Words   |  4 Pagesthat he was able to confront later hardships in his life, as in the incident during the 1960 Middle Atlantic Junior Championship in Wheeling, West Virginia. Ashe was branded as the culprit of destroying a cabin on the premises by some other white players, a crime he did not conduct, and even worse, the fabricated story was published by local newspapers (Lazo 39-40). Even though this matter could damage Ashe’s name, his father’s opinion on it was his main concern, so when Arthur Senior confirmed hisRead MoreEssay on Worldcom Fraud1354 Words   |  6 Pagesapproach to accountability and a more than clear â€Å"gray area† in terms of financial responsibility, there may have been a different ending to the WorldCom legacy. Reference Certo, S. (2000). Modern management (8th Ed.) Prentice-Hall: Upper Saddle River, New Jersey. Ernst Young Global Limited, South Africa (2005). Its official-white collar crime no longer pays. Retrieved October 18, 2008 from http://www.ey.com/GLOBAL/content.nsf/South_Africa/Governance__Sustainability_- Read MoreThe African-American Male and the Criminal Justice System2725 Words   |  11 PagesAfrican American Male and Crime Justice System [Authors Name] [Institutions Name] African American Male and Crime Justice System Introduction The past quarter century has seen an enormous growth in the American incarceration rate. Importantly, some scholars have suggested that the rate of prison growth has little to do with the theme of crime itself, but it is the end result of particular U.S. policy choices. Clear (2007) posits that these policy choices have had well-defined implicationsRead MoreThe Ethical Dimension Of The Demise Of Enron Corporation1474 Words   |  6 Pagesuntil we can get over this temporary hump,†(Thomson Learning, 2003). The amount of power that are economic system is capable of giving to a corporate entity is immense and the responsibility towards the public trust should be the same. â€Å"Many white collar crimes aren t committed by hardened criminals. It s often normally moral people under financial strain, those under severe pressure from their bosses or shareholders, or people who get away with something minor then try to test their limits,†( ThomsonRead MoreMadoff4022 Words   |  17 Pageshow those in a position of power to protect investors, ultimately failed. Psychology of a White-Collar Criminal Lack of Moral Compass Psychologist Alfred Adler wrote â€Å"Men of genius are admired, men of wealth are envied, men of power are feared; but only men of character are trusted.† This quote can certainly be applied to a different breed of business professionals: the white-collar criminal. A white-collar criminal fundamentally thinks differently from their more trustworthy colleagues. Many safeguards

Managers Basic Tools Used for Making Financial Decisions

Manager’s Basic Tools Used for Making Financial Decisions Willie A. McCall Principles of Finance – Writing Assignment 1 Professor Eleanor Cook 30 January 2011 Manager’s Basic Tools Used for Making Financial Decisions Explain why market prices are useful to a financial manager. A competitive market is one which a good can be bought and sold at the same price. We can use prices from competitive markets to determine the cash value of a good. Whenever a good trades in a competitive market, the price determines the value of the good. Financial Managers must be able to evaluate costs and benefits in order to make the appropriate decisions that benefit the company. Once we use the market prices to evaluate the cost and benefits of†¦show more content†¦When the value of a cost or benefit is computed in terms of cash today, we refer to it as the present value. The net present value of a project or investment is the difference between the present value of its benefits and the present value of its cost. The NPV expresses the value of an investment decision as an amount of cash received today. As long as the NPV is positive, the decision increases the value of the firm and is a good decision regardless of your current cash needs or preferences regarding when to spend the money. The NPV decision rule implies that we should undertake projects with a positive NPV. Managers only take the good projects, those for which the present value of the benefits exceeds the present value of the costs. The end result, the value of the firm increases and investors are wealthier. Projects with negative NPVs have cost that exceed their benefits. Accepting them is equivalent to losing money. Explain how an interest rate is just a price. To understand interest rates, it’s important to think of interest rates as a price, the price of using money. When you borrow money to buy a car, you are using the bank’s money now to get the car and paying the money back over time. The interest rate on your loan is the price you pay to be able to convert your future loan payment into a car today. Similarly, when you deposit money into your savingsShow MoreRelatedKey Concepts Of Information Systems In Global E Business And Collaboration1407 Words   |  6 Pagesand enhance the overall performance of the company. This makes it possible to manage all their information, make better decisions and improve the implementation of their business process. Every business, no matter what the size, must complete four functions to succeed. It must produce the product or service, market and sell the product or service, keep up with the financial transactions, and perform simple human resources responsibilities, such as hiring and retaining employees. Information andRead MoreImportance of Information Systems1230 Words   |  5 PagesFirst of all, they support operational excellence; businesses improve the efficiency of their operations in order to achieve higher profit levels, and IS are important tools that managers use to increase efficiency and productivity of those operations. Manager’s use IS to obtain real time data in order to make informed business decisions, create new products and/or services, and service customers better. When customers are served well by a company they will often return to that company for future purchasesRead MoreFingame3867 Words   |  16 Pagesformulate strategies, and make sets of sound decisions sequentially through time. FG provides a decisionmaking setting similar in many respects to the ï ¬ nancial management requirements of an actual company. The manager of an FG company has the operating control of an entire company. The manager is the chief ï ¬ nancial ofï ¬ cer (CFO) who also controls major decisions normally managed by the chief executive ofï ¬ cer (CEO) and chief operating ofï ¬ cer (COO). The FG decision environment is much more complex thanRead MoreIs Data Capture A Database?1105 Words   |  5 Pages(Chief executive officer), Chief Financial Officer (CFO), Chief Operational Officer (COO), Chief Information Officer (CIO),] Middle level Manager’s [ Operations Manager, Route to Market Manager (RTM)], and Operational Level [General Manager, Plant manager, Regional manager, and Divisional manager]. Data Processing is a process that entails a computer where inputs (like the data obtained) are captured, processed, and stored for future use. The output/report generated is used by the managers in strategicRead MoreThe Benefits Of Pension Fund1697 Words   |  7 Pagesthe respective limit of each category, to mention . 4. The Role of Pension Fund Managers and Factors Influencing Asset Allocation Decision in Tanzania The SSSIG calls for schemes to engage a Fund Manager and Custodian as a requirement, to undertake investment functions on behalf of the scheme; and the scheme shall put in place policy and procedures as working tools. Asset allocation is an investment strategy that aims to balance risk and reward by apportioning portfolio’s assets according to individual’sRead MoreSystematic Study of Organizational Behavior Essay1551 Words   |  7 PagesThere are many factors that have an influence on the manager’s role in an organization. Three of the most important factors affecting the manager’s role are Globalization, Intuition, and Diversity. In today’s business environment, more and more companies are conducting business on a global basis. With the power of the Internet moving information at the speed of sound, business can be conducted without national boundaries. As a part of the emerging globalization in commerce, managers in organizationsRead MoreEthical Issues Of The Managerial Accounting Profession1186 Words   |  5 Pagesprovider for business information that helps the management to make decisions relating to business activities and investment decisions. Managerial accountants play a crucial role in advising managers about the financial implications of projects; and run some analysis such as cost benefit analysis, sensitivity analysis. At the same time managerial accounting streamline the management by explain the financial consequences of business decisions. It plays a crucial role in formulate business strategy to assistRead MoreInternal and External Paper1734 Words   |  7 PagesExternal and Intern al Factors External and Internal Factors Management is a universal concept because its principles and techniques are used all over the world, irrespective of their level of development. The basic objective of the management is the progress of people and not the direction of things. The conservative explanation of management is obtaining work done through its people, but the factual management refers to the development of people through work. The management should make the difficultiesRead MoreMarket Efficiency Theory - Essay1458 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Every event, no matter how remote or long ago, echoes across all other events.† (Mandelbrot, 2004) Modern financial implications perceive every action/reaction on markets as a result/cause of more complex, mutually dependent events. Studies of these relations began with the simplest ‘random walk’ hypothesis stating that price reactions are unforecastable. It was supported by ‘martingale’ stochastic process. Theoretically it is not possible to fully exist, as there would be no place for speculationRead MoreCapm the Effects of Beta2754 Words   |  12 Pagescover the basics of CAPM including its flaws and rewards. Next, the risks of beta and the strengths and weaknesses are discussed in conjunction with its relevance to CAPM and why it’s important to investors who are willing to take greater risks. Finally, an application is provided to show how beta affects CAPM from a financial manager’s perspective. Main Conclusions Despite the doubts about the validity of the CAPM formula, this model remains effective and widely used in the financial industry

Work Related Project Analysis Free Essays

With that being said, it is also true that there are some customers who buy the products for themselves. The organization’s head-quarters is situated in East Haven, Connecticut, with the first franchise located in Waltham Massachusetts, whereas its franchises are in the U. S. We will write a custom essay sample on Work Related Project Analysis or any similar topic only for you Order Now , Canada, Puerco Rice, Saudi Arabia, and the United Kingdom. Atari Afraid , the founder and CEO and Kumara Farad, COO of Edible Arrangements, Is a management major who has both In-depth knowledge as well as extensive experience in the fruit bouquet and arrangement production Industry. The organization’s management (Finance). Currently the organization Is using the TIPS, CRM, and ERP systems to execute the majority of its business processes and ensures customer retention rates of 80%. The Problem The fact that the products are completely handcrafted gives the organization a competitive advantage over its rivals. Lack of similar products in the domestic market meant that the organization’s products became a unique option to customers. As the organization continued to grow and diversify though, the need to improve efficiency and cut down costs also increased. With tremendous scope to gain entry into new reduce markets across the country, the company looked to expand its business. The problem that the organization faced though Is that It lacked a management plan and adequately trained sales people to embark on such a Nilsson. Another problem would be that Implementing the new system would enamel labor hours because the reorder system eliminates the need for employees from having to count inventory levels at the end of the day and have to call for supplier’s orders. Communication channels are not clear, and the flow of information is interrupted. How to cite Work Related Project Analysis, Papers

Presence Of A God Essay Research Paper Example For Students

Presence Of A God Essay Research Paper Proof Of The Exsistence of God Either God exists or He doesnt. There is no middle ground. Any attempt to remain neutral in relation to Gods existence is automatically synonymous with unbelief. It is far from a moot question, for if God does exist, then nothing else really matters; if He does not exist, then nothing really matters at all. If He does exist, then there is an eternal heaven to be gained (Hebrews 11:16) and an eternal Hell to be avoided (Revelation 21:8). The question for Gods existence is an extremely important one. One might wonder why it is necessary to present evidence for the existence of God. As Edward Thomson so beautifully stated it: the doctrine of the one living and true God, Creator, Preserver, and Benefactor of the universe, as it solves so many problems, resolves so many doubts, banishes so many fears, inspires so many hopes, gives such sublimity to all things, and such spring to all noble powers, we might presume would, as soon as it was announced, be received by every healthy mind. Some, however, contrary to their higher interests, have refused to have God in their knowledge and thus have become vain in their reasonings and foolish in their philosophy (Romans 1:21,22,28). They do not see the folly (Psalm 14:1) of saying there is no God. The Christian has not only the obligation to give answer to every man that asketh you a reason concerning the hope that is in you.. . (I Peter 3:15), but an obligation to carry the Gospel message to a lost and dying world (Mark 16:15-16, et al.). There will be times when carrying the Gospel message to the world will entail setting forth the case for the existence of God. In addition, we need to remember that Christians are not agnostics. The agnostic is the person who says that Gods existence is unknowable. As difficult as it is to believe, some Christians take that same stance in regard to Gods existence. They assert that they believe there is a God, but that they cannot know it. They state that Gods existence cannot be proved. `This is false! Gods existence is both `knowable and `provable. Acceptance of Gods existence is not some blind leap into the dark as so many have erroneously asserted. The Christians faith is not a purely emotional, subjective leap, but instead is a `firm conviction regarding facts based upon reasonable evidence. Gods existence can be proved to any fair-minded person. Granted, we do not mean by the word proved that Gods existence can be scientifically demonstrated to human senses as one might, for example, prove that a sack of potatoes weighs ten pounds. But we need to be reminded (especially in our day of scientific intimidation) that empirical evidence (that based solely upon experiment and/or observation) is not the only basis for establishing a provable case. Legal authorities recognize the validity of a `prima facie case. Such a case exists when adequate evidence is available to establish the presumption of a fact which, unless such can be refuted, `legally stands as a fact. Inferential proof (the culmination of many lines of evidence into only one possible conclusion) is an invaluable part of a `prima facie case which simply cannot be refuted. But an important question which serves as a preface to the case for Gods existence is this: From whence has come the idea of God in mans mind? The inclination to be religious is universally and peculiarly a human trait. As one writer observed, even today the evidence indicates that no race or tribe of men, however degraded and apparently atheistic, lacks that spark of religious capacity which may be fanned and fed into a mighty flame. If, therefore, man is incurably religiousand has the idea of God in his mindand if we assume that the world is rational, it is impossible that a phenomenon so universal as religion could be founded upon illusion. The question is highly appropriate therefore: what is the source of this religious tendency within man? Alexander Campbell, in his celebrated debate April 13-23, 1829 in Cincinnati, Ohio with Robert Owen, provided the answer to this question in a very positive fashion. He asked Owen from whence the idea of God had come in mans mind. Owen (and all skeptics) had (have) stated that the idea of God has not come from reason (skeptics hold, of course, that the concept is unreasonable), and that it has not come from revelation. Campbell pressed Owen to tell him from whence the idea of God `had come. Owen retorted, by imagination. Campbell then quoted both John Locke and David Hume, two philosophers who are highly respected in the secular community. Hume stated that the creative power of the mind amounts to nothing more than the faculty of combining, transposing, augmenting and diminishing the materials afforded to us by sense and experience. The imagination, it turns out, has `no creative power. Neither reason nor imagination create. Reason, like a carpenters yardstick, is a measure, not an originator. Imagination works only on those items already in the mind; it does not create anything new. [Sigmund Freud, German psychoanalyst of the first part of the 20th century, attempted to explain Gods existence by stating that man had indeed formed the heavenly father from the idea in his mind of his earthly father. But this idea will not suffice either. Is the God of the Bible the God man would invent if asked to do so? Hardly. Look around at the god man invents when left to his own devicesthe god of hedonism, epicurianism, subjectivism, or the god of if it feels good, do it. The God of the Bible is not the God man would invent, if left to his own devices. Freuds attempt to explain the idea of God in mans mind failed miserably.] Campbell pointed out to Owen, in a very forceful way, that the idea of God in mans mind could only have come through revelation. There is no other choice. The concept of God, therefore, though greatly perverted in heathen hands, is ultimately traceable to an original communication between the Creator and the creature. There is no other alternative, all the disclaimers of the atheist notwithstanding. But suppose the unbeliever objects: If the idea of God is basic to human nature, we would not be able to deny it; we do deny it, however; therefore it is not intuitive. It is sufficient to observe in rebuttal to such a claim that man, under the enchantment of a deceptive philosophy, can deny the most obvious of things. Those deluded, for example, by Christian Science religion deny the existence of matter and death. Some today deny that the earth is spherical or that man has ever been to the moon. But a denial of facts does not automatically negate the facts. Mans attitude toward Truth does not change Truth. Can Gods existence be proven? Can we `know God exists? The answer is a resounding YES! The psalmist said, Be still and `know that I am God (Psalm 46:10) as he echoed the Creators sentiments to man. The allusions to th e manifestations of Deity in the created world are profuse. David exclaimed, O Jehovah, our Lord, how excellent is thy name in all the earth, Who has set thy glory upon the heavens? (Psalm 8:1). In the same psalm, the inspired writer was constrained to say that the heavens are the work of thy fingers and the moon and stars thou hast ordained (Psalm 8:3). Later David was to utter the beautiful words of Psalm 19:1The heavens declare the glory of God, and the firmament showeth his handiwork. Isaiah graphically portrayed the majesty and power of natures God when he wrote that God hath measured the waters in the hollow of his hand, and meted out heaven with a span, and comprehended the dust of the earth in a measure, and weighed the mountains in scales, and the hills in a balance (40:12). Dr. E. A. Maness once remarked, If the word God were written upon every blowing leaf, embossed on every passing cloud, engraved on every granite rock, the inductive evidence of God in the world would be no stronger than it is. John C. Monsma, in the text which he edited entitled, `The Evidence of God in an Expanding Universe (which is a compilation of testimony from forty outstanding American scientists), affirmed that science can establish, by the observed facts of Nature and intellectual argumentation, that a super-human power exists. . Dr. A. Cressy Morrison, former President of the New York Academy of Sciences, affirmed that so many essential conditions are necessary for life to exist on our earth that it is mathematically impossible that all of them could exist in proper relationship by chance on any one earth at one time. Dr. Arthur H. Compton, Professor of Physics at the University of Chicago and Nobel laureate, wrote: It is not difficult for me to have this faith, for it is incontrovertible that where there is a plan there is intelligencean orderly, unfolding universe testifies to the truth of the most majestic statement ever uttered`In the beginning, God. . Louis Agassiz, M.D., Ph.D. , Harvard University (and a life-long opponent of Darwinian evolution), made these remarks:.. Though I know those who hold it to be very unscientific to believe that thinking is not something inherent in matter, and that there is an essential difference between inorganic and living and thinking beings, I shall not be prevent ed by any such pretentions of a false philosophy from expressing my conviction that as long as it cannot be shown that matter or physical forces do actually reason, I shall consider any manifestation of physical thought as an evidence of the existence of a thinking being as the author of such thought, and shall look upon intelligent and intelligible connection between the facts of nature as direct proof of a thinking God.. ..` All these facts in their natural connection proclaim aloud the one God whom man may know, adore, and love, and natural history must in good time become the analysis of the thoughts of the Creator of the universe as manifested in the animal and vegetable kingdoms. Lord Kelvin, the famed English thermodynamicist once said, I cannot admit that, with regard to the origin of life, science neither affirms nor denies Creative Power. `Science positively affirms Creative Power. It is not in dead matter that we live and move and have our being, but in the creating and directing Power which science compels us to accept as an article of belief . There is nothing between absolute scientific belief in a Creative Power, and the acceptance of the theory of a fortuitous concourse of atoms . Forty years ago I asked Liebig , walking some-where in the country, if he believed that the grass and flowers that we saw around us grew by mere chemical forces. He answered, `No, no more than I could believe that a book of botany describing them could grow by mere chemical forces.. .. Do not be afraid of being free thinkers! `If you think strongly enough you will be forced by science to the belief in God, which is the foundation all religion. `You will find science not antagonistic but helpful to religion. . One cannot help but wonder what has caused many of the most prominent and brilliant minds of both days gone by and of our day to make such statements. No doubt, at least a partial explanation lies in the fact that they saw a few, or many, of the thousands of signposts or ensigns scattered throughout the natural world which point clearly to the unseen Designer of nature. These signposts are multitudinous in our world, and plainly obvious to those whose minds have not been blinded by the god of this world (II Corinthians 4:4), refusing to have God in their knowledge (Romans 1:28). The Atomic Bomb Essay If there are roughly 5 billion people on the earth, and it took two cells to make each of them, thats approximately 10 billion cells (remember: this is the DNA it took to give every living person every physical characteristic he or she has), and that DNA would fit into no more than `1/8th of a cubic inch! Does that tell you how powerful the DNA is? Are we to then understand that this kind of design came by accident? Hardly! The Hebrew writer was correct when he said, For every house is builded by someone; but he that built all things is God(3:4). Consider the skin of the human. It is a nearly waterproof layer, enclosing the bodys contents, almost 60% of which is water. It prevents the exit or entrance of too much moisture, and acts as a protector for the rest of the body. At the same time it is both a radiator and retainer of heat, helping to regulate the bodys temperature in conjunction with the two hypothalamus glands in the brain. Skin may be as thick as 5/16th of an inch (e.g., the eyelid). The skin contains over 2,000 sweat glands which form one of the most ingenious air-conditioning systems ever known to man. Skin acts as a barrier to protect the sensitive internal organs, and even has the power to regenerate itself. Consider the skeletal system of the body. It is composed of 206 bones, more durable and longer lasting than mans best steel. Each joint produces its own lubrication and the system as a whole is able to provide not only structure, but great protection (e.g., the 24 ribs guarding the internal viscera). There are 29 skull bones, 26 spinal vertebrae, 24 ribs, 2 girdle bones, and 120 other bones scattered over the body. The bones range in size, from the tiny pisiform bone in the hand, to the great femur (over 20 inches long in the thigh of an average man). Yet in a man weighing 160 pounds, the bones weigh only 29 pounds. [Remember Pauls comment about all the body fitly framed and knit together through that which every joint supplieth, according to the working in due measure of each several part, making the increase of the body into the building up of itself.. . (Ephesians 4:16).] And consider, of course, the muscles. There are over 600 of them in the human, with the function of contraction and release. From the smile on the face of the newborn baby to the legs of the marathon runner, the muscles are in charge. They are placed, however, into two systemsthe `voluntary system over which you have control (reach out and grab a ball), and the `involuntary system over which you have little or no control (try stopping a kidney). Are we to believe that the skeletal and muscle systems, in all their complexity, just happened? No one could ever convince you that, for example, a Cadillac limousine just happened. Yet something infinitely greater in design and structure the human bodywe are asked to believe just happened. What kind of incongruous logic is that, to reach such a conclusion? As G.K. Chesterton once said: When men stop believing in God, they dont believe in nothing. They believe in `anything! How true. One does not get a poem without a poet, or a law without a lawgiver. One does not get a painting without a painter, or a musical score without a composer. And just as surely, `one does not get purposeful design without a designer! Consider, for example, the human ear and the human eye. The average piano can distinguish the sounds of 88 keys; the human ear can distinguish over 2,500 different key tones. In fact, the human ear can detect sound frequencies that flutter the ear drums as faintly as one- billionth of a centimeter (a distance one-tenth the diameter of a hydrogen atom).. The ear is so sensitive that it could even hear, were the body placed in a completely soundproof room, the blood coursing through the veins. Over 100,000 hearing receptors in the ears are sending impulses to the brain to be decoded and answered. The human eye is the most perfect camera ever known to man. So perfect is it that its very presence caused Charles Darwin to say, That the eye with all its inimitable contrivances could have been formed by natural selection seems, I freely confess, absurd in the highest degree. Darwin also commented: If it could be demonstrated that any complex organ existed, which could not possibly have been formed by numerous, successive, slight modifications, my theory would absolutely break down. The eye, as it turns out, is such an organ, and Darwins theory, as such, has broken down. Each human eye is composed of over 107 million cells with 7 million cones (allowing the eye to see in full, living color) and 100 million rods (allowing the eye to see in blacks, whites, and greys). The eyes are connected to the brain by over 300,000 nerves, and can detect light as feeble as 1/100 trillionth of a watt. How is the eye supposed to have evolved? What intermediate state between no eye and a perfect eye could nature have selected to be passed on to successive generations? As Mark Twain once c ommented, Its amazing what men will believe, so long as its not in the Bible! There are so many systems in the human body that could be discussed, but since space precludes discussing them all, it is now to the brain that we turn our attention. The brain, of course, regulates the rest of the body. It contains over 10 billion nerve cells, and 100 billion glia cells (which provide the biological batteries for brain activity). These cells float in a jellied mass, sifting through information, storing memories, creating what we call consciousness, etc.. Over 120 trillion connections tie these cells together. The brain sends out electrical impulses at a speed of 393 feet per second (270 mph), and receives nerve impulses being produced at a rate of over 2,000/second. The brain receives signals continuously from 130,000 light receptors in the eyes, 100,000 hearing receptors in the ears, 3,000 tastebuds, 30,000 heat spots on the skin, 250,000 cold spots, and 500,000 touch spots. The brain does not move, yet consumes 25% of the bloods oxygen supply. It is constantly bathed in blood, its vessels receiving 20% of all the blood pumped from the heart. If the blood flow is interrupted for 15-30 seconds, unconsciousness results. If blood is cut off to the brain for longer than 4 minutes, brain damage results. Four major arteries carry blood to the brain as a sort of fail-safe system. And, the brain is protected from damage by not one, but three major systems: (1) the outer skull bone; (2) the `dura mater (Latin for hard motherthe protective lining around the brain), and; (3) the absorbing fluid, which keeps the brain from hitting the inner skull. With the brain properly functioning, all the other body systems (hormones, circulatory, digestive, reproductive, etc. ) can be overseen and controlled. Are we, as Dr. George Gaylord Simpson of Harvard stated some years ago, an accident in a universe that did not have us in mind in the first place? Or, are we created in the image of God (Genesis 1:26,27)? Sir Isaac Newton once said, In the absence of any other proof, the thumb alone would convince me of Gods existence. How much more, then, should the cells, the brain, the lungs, the heart, the reproductive system, etc. , be shouting to us that `there is a God, and He is not silent. As the psalmist so well said, I praise you because I am fearfully and wonderfully made (Psalm 139:14). Or, as Imogene Fey has observed: The birth of every new baby is Gods vote of confidence in the future of man. Dr. Lewis Thomas, the renowned medical doctor and author of `The Medusa and the Snail, commented in that work about the miracle of how one sperm cell forms with one egg cell to produce a single cell that will, nine months later, become a new human being. His conclusion: The mere existence of that cell should be one of the greatest astonishments of the earth. People ought to be walking around all day, all through their waking hours, calling to each other in endless wonderment, talking of nothing except that cell.. .. If anyone does succeed in explaining it, within my lifetime, I will charter a skywriting airplane, maybe a whole fleet of them, and send them aloft to write one great exclamation point after another around the whole sky, until a ll my money runs out. Yet we are told that such a miracle has just happened. Carl W. Miller once stated: To the reverent scientist the simplest features of the world about us are in themselves so awe-inspiring that there seems no need to seek new and greater miracles of Gods care. In order to get a poem, one must have a poet. In order to have a law, one must have a lawgiver. In order to have a mathematical diagram, one must have a mathematician. A deduction commonly made is that order, arrangement, or design in a system suggest intelligence and purpose on the part of the originating cause. In the universe, from the vastness of multiplied solar systems to the tiny world of molecules, marvelous design and purposeful arrangement are evidenced. In the case of man, from the imposing skeletal system to the impressive genetic code in all of its intricacy, that same design and purposeful arrangement are evidenced. The only conclusion that a reasonable, rational, unbiased mind can reach is that the existing systems of our world, including all life, have been purposefully designed by an Intelligent Cause. We call that Cause God. Conclusion Alan Devoe significantly writes, Some naturalists have become convinced that there is an `unknown force at worka force that guides creatures by influences outside the entire sphere with which science ordinarily works. We would prayerfully urge those who speak of this `unknown force to turn to the God that made the world and all things therein (Acts 17:24), and ascribe honor and glory to Him. The revelation He has left of Himself in nature simply could speak no louder of His existence than it already does. Furthermore, this examination of arguments for Gods existence has not even touched upon the historical arguments which come to bear on the case. For example, the historical Christ, the resurrection, the Bible, the system of Christianity, and other such arguments are equally as important. The arguments from historical fact are additional proof that there is a God, and He is not silent. That Christ existed cannot he doubted by any rational person. His miracles and other works are documented, not only in biblical literature, but in profane, secular history as well. The empty tomb stands as a silent but powerful witness that God does exist (Acts 2:24; Romans 10:9) and that Christ is His Son. The Bible exists; therefore, it must be explained. The men who wrote it were either deceivers, deluded, or telling the truth. What do the evidences say? The internal and external evidences are enough to tell the story of Gods existence, and the fact that He has spoken to us from His inspired word. Additional evidences are available at every turn. Little wonder Paul stated that in him we live, and move, and have our being.. . (Acts 17:28). Moses statement still stands as inspired testimony to the fact of the existence of God: In the beginning, God created the heavens and the earth (Genesis 1:1).Religion

A City For Promoting Sustainable Environment An Environmental Sciences Essay Example

A City For Promoting Sustainable Environment An Environmental Sciences Essay Introduction Hammarby Sjostad is really ambitious lodging undertaking in Stockholm and regarded as the environment friendly solution of Sweden. This is one of the best and outstanding developments towards sustainability in the universe. In Hammarby Sjostad plans integrated with eco/cycle theoretical account and environmental plan facet. The ends of the Hammarby development undertaking is to cut down entire impact on the environmental facets by half compared to similar developed metropoliss and besides recycling all waste H2O and waste merchandises into renewable energy beginning ( Pruitt, 2009 ) . Purposes and aims This survey is aimed to obtain practical cognition about sustainable engineering and development with different systems of energy and stuff flow advancing sustainable environment. Location and Population This topographic point is located in Sodertalje Kommun of Stockholms Lan in Sweden. It is situated in the geographical co-ordinates between 59AÂ ° 17 0 North and 17AÂ ° 27 0 East. The country consists of about 250 hectares of land. The Hammarby Sjostad has planned to supply 11,000 residential units for 25,000 people. A entire 35,000 people will remain for life and working intent in the country. Stockholm City Council, Fortum, Stockholm Water Company and Stockhom Waste direction Authority plans together to construct this metropolis with defferent developers. History of the metropolis We will write a custom essay sample on A City For Promoting Sustainable Environment An Environmental Sciences specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on A City For Promoting Sustainable Environment An Environmental Sciences specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on A City For Promoting Sustainable Environment An Environmental Sciences specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The Hammarby country was first built due to the demand of developing an industrial country in 1917. In that clip little and some big graduated table industries were established with the seaport activities. Both the seaport activities and unplanned industries caused to high pollution and contaminated country. During the 1990s, the turning demand of lodging required to do a reestablishment of this metropolis for a new residential development. Still that clip the concerns were thriving. After holding several programs with different settled companies, in 1996 and 1997 the initial program was changed to back up for command for Olympic Games 2004 host metropolis. For this intent and ambitious end was set undermentioned twice ( dual ) as good . Unfortunately Stockholm was unable to be host metropolis for Olympic Games. But it was a good enterprise for be aftering Hammarby metropolis and the environmental end and developing a sustainable metropolis program was kept and further redeveloped. The initial mark to construct this edifice to do certain comfy lodging with lake position sight, beautiful natural landscape and recreational topographic points, good communicated route and transit system near to the Central Stockholm. Until today half of the metropolis is developed and the whole undertaking will be complete within 2016. Methodology The methodological analysis of the survey contains three facets: A field survey to the Hammarby sjostad territory A field visit was carried out in 14 September, 2010 at Hammarby Sjostad. An debut talk was organized by the infocenter GlasshusETT . The talk was focused on the history, development and different be aftering scenario of sustaianblity of the territory. There was a field visit with group after the talk to see the different system of the Hammarby Model practically. Group treatment As the undertaking work is divided into different groups, different undertakings were distributed among the group members and organize all together to finalise the study. There were several group meetings were arranged prior to subject this study. Literature Review The whole instance survey was carried out by the supplied reading stuffs. Besides library plants with relevant field provide particular cognition about sustainable environment and metropolis planning. Internet beginnings besides play a critical function for informations and information aggregation. Questions Review Environmental Aspects of the Hammarby Sjostad The methodological analysis to specify the most of import factors, are based on the urban ecosystem appraisal. The urban ecosystems satisfy human demands by moving as a beginning for resources and a sink for waste ( Meirong et al, 2010 ) . As ecosystem, to a big extent, the most of import environmental facets of the Hammarby Sjostad territory are the waste, energy and H2O system. The precedence list is given below: Waste as resource: Presents wastes are considered as resources if it managed and followed by environmental solutions. In hammarby Sjostad waste Eco-friendly energy District warming and colling system chiefly gets energy from the production of domestic wastes. Solar cells, solar panels and fuel cells installed to supply the energy required for public country. Less H2O cleansing agent sewerage The initial end of the Hammarby Sjostad is to cut down H2O ingestion by 50 % . Eco-friendly installing with ingestion degree of H2O makes it different by cut downing the emphasis of H2O demand burden. Cleaner sewerage is treated and reused on agricultural land. Biogas from sewerage sludge is produced. Storm H2O of street ensures decontamination rate as it treated locally and so dispatch into Hammarby sjo . Green roofs with sedum workss adsorb rain H2O without blending it to the lake. Eco-design and building stuff The design of the edifice substructure and its building stuffs are healthy and environment friendly. Transpotation system Well communicating system through ferry, SL coach, and ropeway system has connected with the major countries of the metropolis with the cardinal Stockholm. Private vehicle auto pool system and broad rhythm lane and foot way plays an of import function to cut down green house gas. Balanced ecosystem To hold a balanced ecosystem, there are two ecoducts are installed covering with flora. Reserve forest and diversion topographic point The Parkss and forest in the metropolis besides plays an of import function of the urban system for following ground: The wood and Parkss serve as pathwaies for occupants, but besides for corridor for animate beings and workss. Green infinite could be compensated for in signifier of biotopes that benefit the biological diverseness in the immediate country. Energy Beginnings of the Hammarby Several sorts of energy are used in Hammarby metropolis country: electricity, heat, fuel. The electricity is provided both by the national grid and by the Hogdalen s combined heat and power works. The electricity of the grid comes from outside of the territory. The fuel beginning of the power works is combustible waste. Those wastes are composed by nutrient, packaging and paper waste. The heat usage in the territory warming comes from the Hammarby heat works and the Hogdalen works. The Hammarby heat works is powered by the biofuel produced by the organic waste and the H2O waste of the territory. The warming system for the full Hammarby country is supplied from 2 beginnings: Energy recovery from waste incineration Energy recovery from waste H2O intervention procedure Energy beginning in: Hogdalan heat and power works. Hammarby heat works Biofuel from nature Solar energy Drinking H2O plant/ lake Malaren Sjostaden s and Henriksdal s waste H2O intervention works Energy beginning out: electric / biogas vehicles Purified waste H2O to the sea Treated storm H2O through lake Hammarby Sjo Different System Borders within the Flow Model The Hammarby theoretical account defines different system boundary lines through it differnt material flow. The three chief systems contain and command all these flow. These are describes below: Energy system Biofuel from nature is converted into territory warming and electricity District warming system and electricity is converted from combustible waste Treated effluent converted into territory warming and electricity Solar energy is converted into electrical energy and heating H2O. Water and Sewage system Biogas is produced from the sewerage sludge Residual from biogas production, the biosolids is used for agribusiness as fertiliser Rain from roofs either adsorbs by green roofs or drained into Hammarby Sjo Storm H2O from street is treated and so drained into Hammarby Sjo . Lake Malaren provides the supply H2O of the territory. Waste system Auomatic waste disposal system is installed Combustible waste is converted into warming and electricity of the territory Biosolids are produced from organic wastes and used as fertiliser All reclaimable stuffs are recycled. The energy system of the hammarby theoretical account is truly a good illustration for advancing sustainability and likely the best system. For each individual item utilizations of energy is conserdered for the user ingestion. Producing of heat and electricity from the combustible wastes is of import which can cut down the emphasis of demand of the electricity supply. Biofuel is used for warming and electricity intent every bit good as fuel in public conveyance. Solar energy is besides introduced for energy production though it is non suited with the Swedish clime status and expensive procedure. But the attempt for using every individual advantage from the nature without haltering environment provides the metropolis excess ordinary value for energy ingestion facets. All the electricity is considered as Good environmental pick labeled and eco-friendly. The waste and H2O system is besides of import and has similar direction in other developed metropoliss but the energy ingestion and f low system of Hammarby territory makes itself distinguishable and function theoretical account for others. Energy Consumption To cipher the full energy ingestion of the territory, it is necessary to place all the energy entities and its consumer such as house, office, conveyance etc. Then it is calculated the measure of energy ( electricity, heat, Sun radiation, waste, nutrient, fuel ) for all the entities devouring. Another manner is merely to see the energy come ining through the boundary line of the territory but making this the energy coming from interior beginnings ( or energy transmutation ) of the territory will be omitted. But this energy is besides consumed. To hold the largest attack the energy used to construct and level the territory must besides been taken in history. The energy ingestion end within 2015 was fixed during the clip of the rebuilt of Hammarby Sjostad. Table 1. Energy Consumption Goal Set Energy Use Kwh / M2 Heating A ; electricity, initial end ( 2000 ) 60 Heating A ; electricity, updated end ( 2005 ) 100 Achieved warming A ; electric, best 2006 ordinances for new edifice ( BBR ) , end 110 ( Beginning: www.secureproject.org ) The high energy marks did non carry through its end. The measuring informations is non available to the populace. For the H2O ingestion, the chief mark was set to entree 100 l/person/ twenty-four hours and during the period from July 2006 to July 2007, the mean ingestion was 141,9 l/person/day. Though the end was non achieved still it was better than other country while in Stockholm on mean ingestion is 200 l/ person/day ( www.secureproject.org ) . The initial ends for energy were set to 60 KWh/m2 which was updated to 100 KWh/m2 in 2005 ( Table 1 ) . Biogas merchandises, RES and reuse of waste heat coupled with energy ingestion expeditiously in edifices. About 23000 dozenss sludge treated with the production of 3,500,000 M3 biogas ( www.hammarbysjostad.se/glashusett ) . The best public presentation was achieved so far from two multifamily constructing blocks, holmen and Grynnan, where PV cells were installed in frontages, balconies and Windowss with the entire peak power 46 KW and production 32 MWh. The sum of produced energy is used to necessitate of 70 % of the energy for icebox and deep-freeze. An energy balance equation is frequently used for ciphering energy ingestion which can be implemented here Where Ein is the energy that flows in to the system, Prod is produced energy, Eout is the energy that flow out from the system and Ack is the accrued energy in the system. Local Inhabitants Influences With the increasing population and economic growing of the Hammarby Sjostad, there is an inevitable influence by the occupants of the territory. As the territory has good developed transit system including different foot way and bike lane. Private auto utilizing is non encouraged here. So about 80 % of the occupants and workers are utilizing public conveyance, bike or on pes. Thus they are playing a important function to cut down traffic burden and dodo fuel consume to guarantee the pollution free environment. The eco-friendly auto of auto pool system provides the personal demand of holding auto in pressing period. The dwellers of the metropolis is good known about the waste direction and they do their regard about screening of wastes until today and eventually to gain it ethier automatic vacuity system or manus over the risky waste to GlashusEtt waste aggregation point. Thus they are playing an of import function to cut down the energy loss for screening waste every bit good as to recycle it for bring forthing biogas. The H2O ingestion of the country is 100 to 140 l/person/day whereas otherpart of Stockholm dwellers use 200 l/person/day. The ingestion manner of H2O usage reveals about their consciousness about sustainability. The low flower system of the lavatory, rinsing machines and dish washers, air sociable lights-out is installed for eco-friendly environment comparison to those of Stockholm metropolis or other metropoliss. The imhabitants response with any acitivities or run organized for the eco-friendly environment. For illustration, in 2005 a run organized against the usage of bacteriacide triclosan, a risky substance used in toothpaste. After the run the analysis of triclosen was found with smaller sum comparison to old clip. Sustainable Urban Planning and Design Design for Sustainability At the planning and designing of the metropolis, the first precedence was given to advance sustainability of the environment without hamering the nature. The optimisation of the resources and the coordination of different energy systems with high tech sustainable engineering make its end closer and easier. Eco-design The chief focal point of the industrial ecology is sustainable development and environment by optimizing the use of natural resources. The life rhythm of the merchandises and resources and its proficient systems defines the sustainability of industrial society. The design of the edifice substructure and its building stuffs are environment friendly. Fuel cells and the edifice double-gazed facade heighten the eco-design of the edifice. Green Roofs Most of the edifices roofs are designed as green roofs covering in stonecrop or sedum workss. This particular eco design non merely brings the attractive force but besides has sustainable impacts. The workss on the roof protect drain to cloacas by adsorbing rain H2O. Vacuum system for solid waste and garbage sorting The solid domestic wastes fractions are sorted and collected through an belowground waste aggregation system. The waste is collected in the belowground room through vacuity suction, one fraction at a clip. The containers in the resistance are collected without lorries that cut down vehicle traffic in the country. It besides avoids workers to transport heavy burden. Hazardous wastes are collected in GlasshusEtt edifice. Construction stuffs All the stuffs used for the building was considered for environmental position. For illustration, the seeable stuffs for facade and on the land of the edifice, stuffs used inside the edifice shell, all the equipments and installing procedure are tested as sustainable, healthy, dry and eco-friendly merchandises. Solar panels and Cells In some of the edifices solar panel has installed to heat the H2O system of the full edifice which reduces the energy ingestion from the cardinal beginning. Some edifice is designed with the solar cells in which Sun visible radiation is harnessed and produces electric energy. A individual solar cell system consists of one square metre can supply 100 kWh/yr. This sum is tantamount to 3 square metre of family energy. Storm H2O from street Storm H2O ( rain H2O, snowmelt H2O ) from the street is collected, purified and released into Hammarby Canal. For purification sand filters and unreal filter wetland is used. Storm H2O besides infiltrated in to the land or drain to Sickla Canal, Hammarby Canal or Danvik Canal. Storm H2O Drain Channel is constructed to have rain H2O from environing houses and gardens via drainage system. This channel H2O besides enhances the beautification of the country. The H2O so runs to Basins named equiliser and eventually to the lake. Biogas All the domestic organic waste and sludge are used to bring forth biogas. Biogas is used for the cookery intent in the country and besides as fuel in eco-friendly autos and coachs. A individual family can bring forth such sum of waste stuffs that can supply sufficient sum of biogas for gas cooker. Biogas is the most environment friendly and sustainable signifier of fuel at nowadays. Communication System Hammarby Sjostad has eco friendly communicating system and energy salvaging vehicles. Private autos are non encouraged here. Well communicating system through Tvarbanan ropeway, coachs, ferry, auto pool etc has less environmental impact in the transit system cut downing traffic burden every bit good as devouring without fossil fuel. Heating and Cooling System Domestic wastes are used as energy beginning in the heat and power works which is used to go around territory warming and chilling system in Hammarby Sjostad. Ecoduct It is the most advanced and efficient solution to maintain biodiversity and ecosystem without any perturbation. In this territory two ecoducts are installed covering with flora. This two broad Bridgess connects two different side of the route in such a manner that animate beings can travel without holding job due to broad route and traffic system. Industrial Ecology Approach All the eco-friendly urban planning and design promotes the sustainability towards industrial ecology attack. Since 1917, it has been developing as an industrial country that had led to a higher pollution rate of the country including dirt, H2O and air. The whole environment became unhealthy and menace to the dwellers. After reconstructing the metropolis, until today it is one of the environment friendly sustainable metropoliss of the universe. So the design and planning has a great function to accomplish this end. The land uses converted from old brownfield sites to attractive residential countries with batch of recreational topographic points including green public infinites. The energy used in the metropolis is from the renewable fuels and biogas produced from the domestic waste. All the edifice has efficient energy ingestion. Water supply is maintained with the standard high quality with new engineering and reuse of H2O and sewerage after handling with maximal degree and released into nearby canals. The possible upper limit recycling system is introduced for the domestic wastes with the latest automatic vacuity. Transportation system of the metropolis is besides considered for the sustainable environment and less fuel ingestion rate. It has fast, attractive conveyance system including ferry, auto pools, eco-friendly auto, pes and rhythm way promoting cut down of private auto uses. All the stuffs used for the building of the edifice are healthy and environment friendly. Soil decontamination and ecoducts guarantee biodiversity of local flora and insects. Now this metropolis is regarded as the decontaminated country announced by the Stockholm s Environment and Health Administration. All these installations and sustainable development of the Hammarby Sjostad promotes the industrial ecology attack guaranting the undermentioned standards: Industrial metamorphosis Eco-design Dematerialization and decarbonisation Industrial sysmbiosis Eco-industrial park Eco-efficiency Pollution control Reuse, Recovery and Recycling Waste minimization Cleaner production and clean Technology Life rhythm and environmental impact appraisal Integrated planning, advanced eco-solutions and engineerings. Discussions To construct an environment friendly lodging undertaking it is necessary to concentrate and see many different facets that influences the environment. Hammarby Sjostad undertaking tried to convey concentration to every individual issue. It was non easy to reconstruct a extremely contaminated unplanned metropolis into a developed and wholly uncontaminted and pollution free metropolis. Hammarby Sjostad provides a alone illustration of wastrel direction and biogas production. The modern engineering of vacuity system makes easier to command waste direction and decline transporting vehicle that cut down traffic burden and fuel. The best production comes through the organic wastes bring forthing biogas which is used for cooking intent of the edifices. Combustible wastes are used to bring forth energy at Hogdalan combined heat and powerplant as a beginning of the power coevals and warming system of the territory. Private vehicle auto pool system and broad rhythm lane and foot way plays an o f import function to cut down green house gas. All the families are equipped with low blushing lavatory to cut down H2O ingestion. Hammarby Sjostad present a alone and different system to roll up storm H2O and rain H2O in the street and to handle it before let go ofing it to the lake while it is non considered in any other metropolis allowing storm H2O straight release to lake. However, all the building stuffs used for constructing up this metropolis are healthy, dry and environmentally sound. Energy ingestion process besides enhances the sustainability of the metropolis utilizing renewable energy. From the above treatment on this instance survey of Hammarby Sjostad, it can be easy recommended for constructing any sustainable metropolis to see following major standards: Eco-design for the metropolis sing environmental impacts during its whole life rhythm Eco-efficiency following maximal usage of ferenewable wer resources and making less waste and pollution Introducing industrial metamorphosis Eco-industrial park effort to cut down waste and pollution by sharing resources expeditiously collaborating with concern and local community Ensure industrial mutualism Decisions It is said that developing metropoliss ever destroy the natural environment but in the instance of Hammarby Sjostad wholly go different. Allready the metropolis is proved its achievement towards sustainability without haltering the natural environment every bit good as pollution and taint free country. The metropolis provides the best engineering with incorporate environmental solutions. Though the metropolis has long manner to turn out itself as a existent sustainable metropolis, still it can be regarded as a function theoretical account of existent estate development in industrial ecology attack.

The Language of Education!

The Language of Education! The language of education has always been of a supreme importance. This problem becomes even more important nowadays since the migration processes in the contemporary world is very active and the national and consequently linguistic situation is permanently changing. The US is characterized by high levels of migration and the growth of population is partially provided with new immigrants who arrive in this country often without proper education and knowledge of the local language.Naturally in such circumstances the state has to cope with the problem of linguistic diversity and focus on the bilingual education as a possible way out from the difficulties that are created for national minorities because of language.However, the problem, or to put it more precisely the necessity to introduce bilingual education, is not new for the US and within the 20th century, especially in its second half, the state attempts to solve this problem on both levels, federal and state.English: 14th Amendme nt of the United States Const...As a result, different programs and legislative acts were implemented in order to provide all nations and national minorities with the possibility to receive education in their own language along with the official language of the whole country.Such programs and laws have been started not just because of a political will of some politicians, but the moving force of the introduction of bilingual education were juridical precedents which were the results of quite numerous court cases. These court cases aimed at the solution of the problem of a traditional education based in English only and providing national minorities with equal rights to receive the education as any other citizen of the United States.One of the first, and yet most famous and significant court cases concerning in a way the problem of bilingual education was the Brown v. Board of education (of Topeka)...

Types of business entities and legal characteristics of Essay

Types of business entities and legal characteristics of proprietorships and partnerships - Essay Example For this reason, it becomes logic and less involving in coming up with other options of sharing profits apart from the dividends. One way used to evade double taxation is by putting all family members on a salary. The salary paid to employees is taxed at the corporation level. However, this is only legal if all shareholders have a well defined job description. If there is any form of over payment or illogical rewarding of salaries, the process may be termed to be illegal (Murphy & Higgins, 2011). In another way, the family members can restrict themselves from taking dividends and borrow money instead. If a shareholder borrows money from a company, the amount is not taxable and in all interest generated from the lease are directed in the company. According to Murphy & Higgins (2011) leasing of assets by the family to the company is also a legal way of evading double taxation. In this scenario, the family members will greatly rely on the compensation rates paid to leased assets. In other cases, the leasing of assets also involves easing of human resources. In the leasing process, the profits stay in the company and the family members have the right to acquire the benefits paid from their leased assets (Murphy & Higgins,

King Lear #1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

King Lear #1 - Essay Example The cad! My heart went out to the beautiful girl. So little, so young, standing there; dishonored only for having been honest, it was just too unfair! I could not stand to see her insulted that way. After all, even the most poor of my people was more gallant than this knave. When Lear asked me my opinion on the matter, going so far as to suggest my refusing her: I spoke my mind. I told him that now that Cordelia was alone, penniless and wronged, I found myself loving her, wanting to protect her even more. I told him that it mattered not to me if Lear disowned her, she was more than enough dower all by herself. These men astound me. Are they no better than cattle, to be bought and sold like this? And what of the King himself? Blinded by flattery? Well, â€Å"No fool like an old fool†, as they say in France. I shall turn in for the night now, but my heart is glad. From now, my nights and days shall be shared with a maiden as fair as she is virtuous. This evening at King Lear’s court I was amazed to find the love of my life Cordelia silently weeping in a corner while the King berated her. As he began to explain his reason for calling me and Burgundy there, I understood that it was because he had decided to disinherit his youngest daughter. The news verily made me reel. Was she not his most precious? Did he not only yesterday speak to me about how dearly he loved the girl? And yet today, only because she refused to flatter him, he was banishing her. Burgundy, that dishonorable excuse of a Duke, turned down her hand. Now that she was without a dower, he said he could not accept her to be his bride. Well, too bad for him! I could not have been gladder. Now that they were insulting the girl and she was left all alone, I felt even more tenderly toward her. And I made my opinion quite clear too! I said to Lear that I should be honored to have his daughter for my bride. It was not important to me whether she had a fat sum of mon ey following her or whether it was

Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 122

Assignment Example Firstly, I would like to express my satisfaction with the writing of this play. Indeed, by composing it, Euripides was out to demonstrate his literary prowess. In his writing, the author effectively used the element of characterization. He made a good choice of characters that would make it much easier for him to deliver his intended message to the audience. Each of the characters was given a name and role that perfectly suits them. They include Medea, Jason, Children, Glauce, Creon, Aegeus, Messenger, Nurse and the Tutor. Each of these played a very significant role in promoting the continuity of the play and developing its themes. The interaction between the protagonist and other characters was quite impressive. The role played by characters like Medea and Jason helped in demonstrating how the Ancient Greek society was discriminative and bias towards the womenfolk. All these were clearly brought out by the manner in which the author empowered his characters. If it were not for them , the play would not have enjoyed an uninterrupted continuity. Besides, the play has adequately utilized the aspect of theme. In his composition, the author was very much concerned about a particular message he was intending to pass to his target audience. Apart from using appropriate characters to help in doing this, he chose a good setting that suits the play. Essentially, Corinth is one of the historical Greek cities that can be used to understand the Ancient Greek history by shedding more light on how the Greeks interacted amongst themselves and with their gods on the day to day basis. With characters like Medea as a protagonist, the author would not struggle to explore the themes of position of women in the society, love, pride and revenge. The theme of love was produced as a result of the love affair between Medea and Jason and later Jason and

Human Comfort And Thermal Comfort Engineering Essay

Human Comfort And Thermal Comfort Engineering Essay Abstract: The main purpose of the HVAC system is to achieve clean indoor air quality and human comfort (thermal comfort), there are many HVAC systems a designer or owner has the option to select based on the factors such as the type of the building, architecture, location, shape, surrounding climate, occupancy, envelop, level and frequency of activities, and the system operation schedule. In addition to the above base factors that an HVAC system is expected to be selected upon, the energy consumption, system efficiency, initial and operational cost, and finally, feasibility (short and long term rebound positive effect) are of the owners and designers critical concerns. This paper will discuss the elements of a typical feasible high performance low cost, fine tuned HVAC DDC integrated system to achieve the best for users, owners, and environment. 1. Introduction HVAC and its associated auxiliaries system are major energy consumers in a building, the rapid development of the advanced technology nowadays boosts the HVAC system feasibility as more complex control systems are developed for this industry and additional fine-tune, prompt response, standardized communication, ease of control and monitor, and remote accessibility. The BMS/DDC (Building Management System/ Direct Digital Control) integrated system is the core of a good feasible high-efficient HVAC system. The BMS is the most recent High-Tech energy management system that manage a building performance to the maximum desirable pre-determined set of parameters which able to control, monitor, adjust, save and record mostly all of the building facilities and utilities when integrated with all of the compatible buildings Sub-LANs, a DDC is one of those LANs and can communicate with other control LANs under the supervision of the BMS. BMS is able to supervise, control, adjust and record the illumination, electric power control, HVAC, security and observation, magnetic card and access, fire alarm, lifts, and other engineering systems. Integrated with the BMS, the DDC performs the HVAC control management and communicates with the other building controllers via the BMS to achieve integration based on a specified, programmed event sequence. I The DDC is the heart of an efficient HVAC system, it finely tunes the digital/analog input/output communication between sensors, probes, stand-alone controllers, LANs controllers, and finally the controlled element which could be an actuator that adjust the process variable (flow, temperature, level, or pressure), and allows for a feedback signal to further adjust the desired process set-point. This whole process is reported in a real-time manner to the BMS system for further coordination with the other buildings controllable systems to achieve integration based on the pre-programmed parameters. In order to achieve the highest human comfort, energy saving, and a long term rebound effect strategy, The BMS/DDC system should be interlocked and integrated with a high-efficient and feasible HVAC system, this combination can awards energy saving, system and environment sustainability, human comfort, and business feasibility. An Optimal Air System is a good example of a low-coast, high-performance, energy-efficient and a good investment for long-term rebound pay-back effect. Optimal Air System concept is based on the low temperature supply system that needs, less energy consumption by the most energy consumer auxiliary that is the fan, this affects the sizing of the ducts (less duck size), air handling units and fan motors, all of which will be smaller and results in a system that requires less space and uses less power. As this paper focuses on the HVAC/DDC integrated system application for human comfort, energy saving, and feasibility (long-term rebound effect), I will discuss and focus on the DDC and Optimal Air System integration for the above purposes and define characteristics, elements, and functions of both systems. II 2. DDC DDC has became the latest and the most recently used system for HVAC controls after the pneumatic and electromechanical control systems, digital pre-programmable controllers can handle extensive digital/analog data process from inputs (sensors, tranceducers and transmitters) that tyapically mesure temperature, flow, humidity, pressure or level, and outputs to final controlled devices to adjust a process variable based on a preset parameters, also recives a feedback signals from inputs again to further adjust signal command errors for best results based again on the setpoints. Digital inputs are Dry contacts from a control device, analog inputs are voltage and current signals that mesure variables such as humidity, pressure, level or flow form sensing devices and converted to percentage. Digital outputs are of 1 or 0 binary that either stops or starts equipments via a relay, analog outputs are voltage or current signals that control a process variable control devices such as valves, m otors or dampers. The DDC program code may be customized for intended use such as: Time schedule, sequence of operation, trend logs, alarms. 2.1 Elements of a DDC As described above, the three functional elements needed to perform the functions of a DDC system are: a) A measurement element (Sensor, prob, Transmitter, Transducer) b) An error detection element (Digital/Analog/pneumatic Controller, PCU) c) A final control element (Motor/Piston Actuator, VFD, VSD, Relay) 2.2 DDC controled mediums The DDC controls two variables: I. A controlled variable is the process variable that is maintained at a specified value or within a specified range. II. A manipulated variable is the process that is acted on by the control system to maintain the controlled variable at the specified value or within the specified range. 1 2.3 Functions of DDC system In any DDC, the four basic functions that occur are: a) Measurement b) Comparison c) Computation d) Correction 3. DDC LAN-WAN Configuration DDC is where mechanical and electrical systems and equipment are joined with microprocessors that communicate with each other and to a central computer BMS. This computer and controllers in the building Management system can be networked to the internet or serve as a stand alone system for the local peer-to-peer controller network only Fig 1. Additionally, the controllers themselves do not need a computer to operate efficiently as many of these controllers are designed to operate as stand-alone controllers and control the specific equipment they are assigned to control. Fig 1. Typical peer-to-peer controller network [1] 2 With a few exceptions, each DDC or building automation controller holds their own programs and has the ability to communicate to other DDC building automation controllers. It is important for the DDC or building automation controllers to communicate to each other. If the network fails for whatever reason then the system may still function (because the DDC controllers in a BMS system are stand-alone) but it will not function as efficiently as designed. The DDC/BMS system can be configured as independent (localized) closed-system, or DDC open-system based on accessibility options required by a group of buildings managed by a single company or property management firm (centralized), or a single property to be monitored and controlled by its own (localized) Fig 2. Fig 2. DDC/BMS LAN/WAN configuration [2] 3 3.1 BACnet compatibility BACnet is the term commonly used to refer to the ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 135- 1995, adopted and supported by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) and the American Society of Heating Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE). BACnet stands for Building Automation and Control network. BACnet is a true, non-proprietary open protocol communication standard conceived by a consortium of building management, system users and manufacturers [3]. A closed protocol is a proprietary protocol used by a specific equipment manufacturer. An open protocol system uses a protocol available to anyone, but not published by a standards organization. A standard protocol system uses a protocol available to anyone. It is created by a standards organization. Open Systems: An open system is defined as a system that allows components from different manufacturers to co-exist on the same network. These components would not need a gateway to communicate with one another and would not require a manufacturer specific workstation to visualize data. This would allow more than one vendors product to meet a specific application requirement. The DDC/BMS BACnet based LANs and Sub-LANs can be accessed, controlled and monitored from remote locations via the Internet trough a centralized data management system which is capable of collecting data from multiple sites. This is accomplished by connecting with a gateway for collecting data from the lighting and air-conditioning control systems installed in each building or factory, and the center server for providing data collection, database and web server functions along with security measures applied to all transmitted data. Based on the capability of real-time monitoring and analysis of actual energy consumption such as electricity and gas from a remote location by using a web browser, this system is able to achieve the maximum level of energy saving in buildings and factories which in turn, reduce the emissions and the environmental impacts by taking advantage of its cost effectiveness and by limiting the required energy for a specific application or function. 4 Fig 3, Integrated BACnet based WEB Browser BMS Control System Layout [4] 5 4. DDC/BMS integrated features, application and functions 4.1 Energy saving DDC/BMS allows the owner to set up schedules of operation for the equipment and lighting systems so that energy savings can be realized when the building or spaces in the building are unoccupied. Have algorithms as reset schedules for heating plants, static pressure control, and other systems where energy savings can be realized through these predictive programs. 4.2 Human comfort (thermal Comfort) DDC/BMS system allows the equipment optimal start with pre-scheduled program. Optimal start is allowing the equipment to be brought on in an ordered and sequential manner automatically on a schedule before the building is reoccupied so that space set points can be realized before occupation. Event sequence programming features allow the system to compare space temperature, outside air conditions, and equipment capabilities so that the equipment can be turned on at an appropriate time to ensure space set points are achieved before occupation. Have trim and respond capabilities. Based on zone demand the set point for various heating and cooling sources will change according to demand from the zones. For instance, in a Variable Air Volume system, all the VAV boxes are served from a central air handling unit. If all the zones are at set point then the supply air temperature set point of the air handler is automatically changed to prevent mechanical cooling from occurring when it is unnecessary. When the zones grow warmer the supply air temperature set point is automatically lowered to allow mechanical cooling to satisfy demand. In conjunction with the appropriate mechanical system set-up, offer economizing based on enthalpy calculations and/or CO2 set point control. 4.3 Long-term rebound effects Offer load shedding when power companies are at peak demand and need business and industry to cut-back on power usage to prevent black outs. Building Management systems for instance, allow the owner to cycle various things off like water heaters or drinking fountains where use of these things- 6 -will not be noticed even though they are off. Management companies who acquire a good DDC/BMS can set up the system to bill tenants for energy usage (fewer employees required). 4.4 Proactive Ability to send alarms via email, pager, or telephone to alert building managers and/or technicians of the developing problems, and system failures. 4.5 Other applications and compatibilities Have the ability to monitor energy usage including the ability to meter electric, gas, water, steam, hot water, chilled water, and fuel oil services. Have the communications abilities to be integrated with other buildings via WAN setup using the standardized TCP/IP family of protocols. It is BACnet base web browser compatible and other open source communication protocol which allows the system to be accessed via the web browser from remote locations. (Refer to 4.2) 5. High-performance Low-energy HVAC design Recall the Introduction, In addition to BMS/DDC System application for energy saving and high HVAC system performance, a green HVAC system design will achieve all aspects of comfort, energy saving, low initial and operational capital costs, and adds more efficient performance in conjunction with the DDC system, an example of such green HVAC system would be an Optimal Air System [5]. Optimal Air System concept, idea and example are taken from McQuay Air Conditionning/2002 McQuay International/Application Guide AG 31-005 as an example to illustrate its benefits for energy saving, human comfort, lower initial cost and long term rebound effects. Optimal Air systems uses less energy than conventional systems on an annual basis, for example, In a conventional system, supply air temperatures run between 54Â °F -57Â °F from the air handling unit. With duct heat gain, the supply air ranges from approximately 56Â °F-59Â °F out of the air diffuser. 7 In Optimal Air System, supply air temperature run between 45-52Â °F from the air handling unit to optimize energy consumption, reduce first capital cost and improve humidity control. Optimal Air has for years been extensively used in grocery stores and is gaining increasing popularity in comfort cooling applications such as offices and schools. 5.1 Advantages There are several benefits of Optimal Air that make it an attractive system for use in a wide variety of applications. It Saves Space and Reduces Energy and Construction Costs, increases the amount of sensible heat that each CFM delivered to a zone can absorb. While 50Â °F air may not seem much colder than 55Â °F air, the delta T rises from 20Â °F to 25Â °F. That is an increase of 25%. This affects the sizing of the ducts, air handling units and fan motors, all of which will be smaller and results in a system that requires less space and uses less power. In many applications, fans can use more power annually than refrigeration (chillers, condensing units, pumps, and compressors). An example of annual 10-story building energy usage of 200,000 square-feet of HVAC components, the fan energy use is high because the fans operate every hour the building is occupied providing minimum air movement, ventilation air, heating, etc. In this case, an Optimal Air system would have a very real impact on overall energy costs. Fig 4, Annual HVAC Energy Usage [6] 8 5.2 Less Humidity, more comfort Optimal Air systems take more moisture out of the return and ventilation air mixture as it passes over the cooling coil. The lower moisture content in the supply air reduces the Psychrometric balance point humidity level in the conditioned space. This allows the space temperature to be set higher while achieving the same comfort level for occupants and further reduces the supply air quantity and fan power requirement. 5.3 Quieter and Improve Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) The lower air volume required for Optimal Air systems makes them quieter than conventional systems. Fan sound generation is a function of fan type, static pressure and air volume. By reducing air volume (and often the total fan static pressure) Optimal Air systems generate lower fan sound which can result in more desirable space conditions. This reduced sound generation can also be used to reduce the cost of any required noise attenuation in critical applications. The lower required air volume can also be used to reduce filter face velocities, allowing more efficient filters to be used without high energy cost penalties. The lower air temperature and resultant humidity levels also reduce the chance of mold growth in the air handling units, ducts or the occupied space. The example of the building above requires a supply air of 26,667 CFM. The HVAC system is floor by floor VAV air handling units with a two chiller primary secondary system, Optimal air works equally well with applied rooftop units or indoor vertical self-contained units. Table 1, HVAC system performance with optimal air system [7] 9 Table 1 shows the HVAC system performance as the supply air temperature, to the duct, is lowered. It is important to differentiate between supply air temperature off the cooling coil and supply air temperature into the duct. To accommodate the lower supply air temperature, the chilled water supply temperature (CWST) was gradually lowered, the air handling unit coils deepened to allow for closer approaches, and chiller performance was adjusted to deal will the increased lift. Because of their basic operating differences, DX rooftop and self-contained systems may have a different Optimal Air temperature than a chilled water system. When considering multiple system options, it is important to use Energy Analyzer for each in order to identify the best option. 5.4 Optimal Air Balance Point Reduced fan energy must be traded off against increased refrigeration energy. This trade off varies with the type of building, the type temperature control system, the type air conditioning system and geographic locale. Therefore, the optimal supply air temperature is different for every job. When only energy costs are a factor and no thermal storage is involved, this optimal supply air temperature generally falls in the 47Â °F -52Â °F range. It can be determined by comparing total system energy consumption with varying supply air temperatures using an energy analysis program. 5.5 Space Design Temperature and Related Comfort Temperature, humidity, air velocity and mean radiant temperature directly influence occupant comfort. Conventional designs are usually based on maintaining 75Â °F and 50% RH (Relative Humidity) in the occupied space. Figure 5 shows the ASHRAE comfort zone where 80% of the people engaged in light office work are satisfied. As the relative humidity is lowered, the space air temperature can be raised and still provide occupant comfort. The leaving air condition from the air handling unit is the primarily control of the relative humidity in the occupied space. The internal moisture gains from people, kitchens, etc, as well as infiltration also play a part. 10 Fig 5, Equivalent comfort chart [8] In most climates, the lower the supply air temperature, the lower the humidity ratio and the drier the space. Figure 5 shows sensible heat ratio lines for conventional, Optimal and low supply air temperatures. As the space relative humidity is lowered, the space temperature set-point rises from 74Â °F to 78Â °F. 5.6 ASHRAE Compliance The 1999 and 2001 version of ASHRAE Standard 90.1, Energy Standard for Buildings except Low Rise Residential Buildings [9], has mandatory requirements for refrigeration equipment and prescriptive requirements for fan work. The Standard recognizes that Optimal Air systems improve fan work significantly and provides credits to account for improved fan performance. In addition, refrigeration system performance is rated at conventional conditions or special tables are provided to account for non-standard operating conditions (as is the case with centrifugal chillers). In either case, ASHRAE Standard 90.1 does not penalize Optimal Air systems. 11 5.7 Design Considerations Design of refrigeration and air handling equipment for an Optimal Air system is similar to the design of a conventional air temperature system. Attention must be paid, however, to air distribution, controls and duct design. Conventional diffusers, when properly applied, will work with Optimal Air. Controls also require only minor changes from conventional systems. In particular, programming of economizer controls and supply air temperature reset. Finally, the ducting system must be sized for the reduced air volume to take full advantage of the potential capital savings. Duct insulation and sweating should also be reviewed to provide a trouble free system. Not every building type is a good candidate for Optimal Air. When air volumes are dictated by air turnover rates, such as some health care applications, Optimal Air offers no advantage. In fact, there would be increased reheat costs. Office buildings are a strong candidate for Optimal Air. They have high sensible heat ratios and typically less than 20% ventilation loads. Schools can also be a possibility. Generally speaking, as the percentage ventilation load increases, Optimal Air becomes less attractive. Location and climate also impact whether or not Optimal Air is a good candidate. Locations where weather provides significant economizer hours between 45 and 55Â °F will limit the savings. Ultimately, each project must be checked by performing the applicable specific calculations. The following should be considered: Load and Balance Point calculations, Space Temperature Set-point evaluation, Design Load Calculation, Primary and Secondary System Selection, Parallel, mixing or series VAV-Fan powered boxes, Perimeter Heating, Air Distribution, Diffusers (based on air flow and the throw distance calculation), Duct design (considering duct heat gain, sweating and insulation). 5.8 System Life-Cycle Analysis Evaluating different engineering solutions is always part of a good proposal. Optimal Air systems are no different. 12 In the case of Optimal Air, there may be no need to do any calculations because Optimal Air systems cost less to build (lower capital cost) and have the same operating cost as conventional systems (assuming the balance point was used for the design). Duct sizing will decrease almost linearly with reduction in air volume. The installed cost will not change linearly because of the labor portion. A 20% reduction in air volume can result in 80% savings of the 20% reduction or 16% overall savings in sheet metal cost. On the plus side, there are less pounds of steel and fewer man-hours to install it. On the minus side there is more insulation. Terminal boxes and diffusers will be a wash since there are fewer of them but the equipment cost will be higher than conventional equipment. HVAC equipment will cost about the same. This is conservative because the air handling equipment will cost less and refrigeration equipment will be slightly more. There is typically more capital invested in air handling than refrigeration. Building envelope should be the same for new construction. In the case of retrofit applications, it will depend on the quality of the existing building. The cost of space may also need to be evaluated. Not accounting for space savings is conservative. There will be space savings but they may be difficult to realize. If enough plenum height savings can be realized to add another floor within the same building envelope, then that rentable space should be accounted for. Simple payback calculations do not take into account the cost of money, taxes and depreciation, inflation, maintenance or increases in the cost of energy. A more complete analysis should include Internal Rate of Return (IRR) and net present value (NPV). In the HVAC industry, many projects fail simple back (they are in the 5-year range) while passing IRR (they offer a 25% rate of return). Software analysis tools can be used to perform both energy and life-cycle analysis that include simple payback, IRR and NPV. 13 6. Conclusion Building owners and designers faced with increased concerns for energy saving and environmental stewardship search for cost effective system options for their projects. The DDC, integrated with a high-performance low-energy HVAC system as the Optimal Air system can deliver both low first costs and reduced energy costs in a new construction and retrofit applications. This integrated system will not only meet the efficiency and sustainability of its performance at the desired set-parameters, but when designed with advanced selection tools, installed with the most advanced DDC/BMS system, and supported by trained operators, will achieve both energy saving and long term rebound effect (pay-back), maximum human thermal comfort, in addition, it allows building owners to compare predicted energy use to actual performance, this leads to a flexible budgeting, further future system adjustment and energy consumption cut-back. The whole integrated DDC/BMS HVAC system function will also contribute in the environmental impacts reduction. In todays challenging energy efficiency, building owners need proven system that delivers the necessary performance to meet their integrated environmental sustainability and business goals [10].

Advancements in Medical Technology Essay -- Ecploratory Essays

Advancements in Medical Technology Advancements in technology, especially advancements in computers, have caused a major impact on today’s society.â€Å"More specifically, profound effect on modern day medicine.†[instruct.lanagara.ba.ca 1.] [1] It has changed almost every aspect of the medical field, from the instruments used to the medicines prescribed to the operations preformed.â€Å"New technologies allow healthcare professionals to save people they never could have saved before.†[collegeview.com 1.] [2] â€Å"The 20th-century has brought with it many advancements in medicine.† [utep.edu 1.] [3]Below is a list of the then most important advancements, none of which would have been possible without improvements in technology. The Ten Most Important Discoveries of the Century 1 Antibiotics (Penicillin) 2 Anesthesia 3 Polio Vaccine 4 Birth Control Pill 5 Open Heart Surgery 6 Organ Transplant 7 Medical Imagery (x-rays, MRI, CAT scans) 8 Anti-inflammatory (Aspirin) 9 Ambulance Services 10 Genetic Based Research [4] Almost every instrument in the medical field has become computerized.Everything from thermometers to CAT scans is either a type of computer itself or is monitored by a computer.They calculate and factor all the data leaving rarely any information to be determined.Thus, allowing for more efficient results because it reduces the risk of human error.Plus, since other healthcare professionals are busy caring for the patients new jobs are created to operate the computerized instruments.â€Å"Carefully designed instruments have given researchers the opportunity to better understand biological processes.† [instruct.langara.ba.ca 1.] [5]Microscopes, for example, have allowed organism and cells to be studied a... ...d be significantly increased. Advancements in technology have positively affected the medical field more than any other professional field.Without technology researchers would not be able to discover new medicine and new way of preventing disease.Doctors would not be able to receive such accurate testing results and they would not be able to perform nearly as many surgeries as they can with improved technology.Who knows what even more technological advancements will mean for all of medicine and for all of society. Bibliography Advancements in Medicine.[On-line]. Available:http://www2.utep.edu Medicine and Health.[On-line]. Available: http://www.collegeview.com Technological Advancements in Medicine.[On-line]. Available: http://www.instruct.langara.bc.ca Wilmore, Jack H. and David L. Costill. â€Å"Physiology of Sports and Exercise.† 2nd ed. 1999.